А.Ю.Петров Великобритания, Россия и США в «опиумных войнах» в контексте борьбы за колонии на севере Тихого океана в середине XIX в.1

А.Ю.Петров Великобритания, Россия и США в «опиумных войнах» в контексте борьбы за колонии на севере Тихого океана в середине XIX в.1

Аннотация

В середине XIX в. Китай стал объектом «опиумных войн» — вооруженных конфликтов с европейскими державами, стремившимися к торговому господству на севере Тихого океана. Основными противоборствующими силами стали Великобритания и Китай, но в этих конфликтах прямо или косвенно принимали участие и другие страны, в том числе Франция, США и Россия. В научной среде принято деление на Первую (1840–1842) и Вторую (1856–1860) опиумные войны. В XVII — первой половине XIX в. правительство Китая (Империи Цин) осуществляло политику, похожую на ту, которую проводила Япония — это ограничение внешних связей и предоставление для торговли одного порта и Кяхты — пограничного пункта на сухопутной границе с Россией. В течение первой половины XIX в. Великобритания предпринимает усилия по активизации торговли с Китаем и получения от Цинов золота и серебро в обмен на опиум. В противовес агрессивной политике Россия и США стремились развивать дипломатические и торговые отношения с Китаем. В статье дается общий обзор международной обстановки, сложившейся вокруг Китая в изучаемый период. Проводится анализ переговоров между Великобританией, Китаем, США и Россией, показываются особенности этих переговоров. Изучаются договоры, завершившие «опиумные войны». Приводятся воспоминания современников событий того времени, в том числе особенно редкие документы святителя Гурия, возглавлявшего Православную духовную миссию в Империю Цин. Пристальное внимание уделено публикациям зарубежных авторов и работе с архивными материалами.

Ключевые слова: Российско-китайские, китайско-английские, китайско-американские отношения, Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион, борьба за колонии

Петров Александр Юрьевич – Доктор исторических наук, главный научный сотрудник, Институт всеобщей истории РАН, Москва, Российская Федерация; профессор Московского государственного лингвистического университета, Москва, Российская Федерация.

WoS Researcher ID: AAQ-5429-2020

Scopus Author ID: 55956501100

ORCID: 0000-0002-1688-4096

РИНЦ Author ID: 655169

***

Alexander Yu. Petrov Britain, Russia and the USA in the Opium Wars in the context of the struggle for colonies in the North Pacific in the mid 19th century

Abstract

The Opium Wars were armed conflicts that took place in China in the mid 19th century. The main opposing forces were Great Britain and China, but other countries, including France, the United States, and Russia, directly or indirectly participated in these conflicts. In the scientific community, it is customary to divide the wars into the first (1840–1842) and second (1856–1860) Opium Wars. The focus refrains from refrain from describing the military actions, information about which can be easily gleaned from specialized works. Meanwhile, there are far fewer assessments of these wars from the point of view of changing interactions between Great Britain, Russia, and the United States in the context of trade development in China. In the 17th — first half of the 19th centuries, the Qing Empire government pursued a policy like that pursued by Japan — these were restrictions on external relations and the provision of one port for trade, Kyakhta, on the land border with Russia. During the first half of the 19th century, Great Britain made efforts to intensify trade with China and receive gold and silver from the Qing in exchange for opium. Russia and the United States sought to develop diplomatic and trade relations with China. The article provides a general overview of the international situation that developed around China during the period under study. The analysis of negotiations between Great Britain, China, the United States and Russia is carried out, and the features of these negotiations are shown. The treaties that ended the Opium Wars are studied. The memoirs of contemporaries of the events of that time are provided — especially rare documents of St. Guria, who headed the Orthodox Spiritual Mission to the Qing Empire. The article was prepared using an interdisciplinary approach, which involves a combination of historical and linguistic research methods. Close attention is paid to the publications of foreign authors and work with archival materials, especially with documents from the Russian State Archives of the Navy (RGAVMF), the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI), the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea (GARK).

Keywords:  Russian-Chinese, Chinese-English, Chinese-American relations, the Asia-Pacific region, the struggle for colonies

Alexander Yu. Petrov – D.Sc.(History), Chief Researcher, Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Professor, Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russian Federation.

WoS Researcher ID: AAQ-5429-2020

Scopus Author ID: 55956501100

ORCID: 0000-0002-1688-4096

РИНЦ Author ID: 655169

***

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