Кириллина С.А., Шлыков П.В. Исследования вакфов в мировой османистике и вклад в изучение профессора М.С. Мейера

Кириллина С. А., Шлыков П. В. Исследования вакфов в мировой османистике и вклад в изучение профессора М.С. Мейера // Исторический вестник. 2022. Т. XLI. С. 200–225.

Аннотация

В статье представлен анализ динамики исследования вакфов в мировой и российской османистике, выделены основные вехи в изучении института вакфа в Османской империи и проведена типологизация обширного поля вакуфных исследований. Изучение вакфов изначально было частью обширного поля исследований культуры и истории исламского мира, однако сам по себе институт вакфа долгое время не вызывал большого интереса у исследователей. Работы конца XIX – начала XX вв. фокусировались лишь на формальном и юридическом определении института вакфа. Отступление от семантических подходов и правового детерминизма позволило начать рассмотрение вакфов в более широком социально-экономическом контексте. С конца 1930-х гг. внимание исследователей сконцентрировалось на экономическом потенциале вакфов. Общее оживление научного интереса к исламскому миру способствовало количественному и качественному росту вакуфных исследований в 1950-е – 1970-е гг. Тема вакфов стала неотъемлемой частью работ по социально-экономической истории мусульманских стран, соответствующих университетских учебных курсов, программ международных симпозиумов и конференций. В 1980-е и 1990-е гг. серьезно расширился круг анализируемых вопросов: ученые обратились к анализу финансово-экономической деятельности вакфов, изучение вакфов стало важной частью гендерных исследований, вакуфные грамоты выступили ценным и информативным источником для исследования исламского города. Существенный вклад в исследование роли вакфов в развитии городов Османской империи внес профессор М.С.Мейер. В его работах на богатом документальном материале анатолийских и балканских провинций выявлена и проанализирована специфика функционирования экономических и социальных структур османского города, а также взаимодействие государственной власти с обширной и разветвленной сетью вакфов.

Ключевые слова: Османская империя, Турция, исследования вакфов, османистика, Мейер Михаил Серафимович, система вакфов, исламские институты, модернизация.

Кириллина Светлана Алексеевна – доктор исторических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока Института стран Азии и Африки МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова.

Шлыков Павел Вячеславович – кандидат исторических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока Института стран Азии и Африки МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова

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Kirillina S. A., Shlykov P. V. Waqfs in the International Ottoman Studies and Professor Mikhail Meyer’s Contribution to the Field // Historical Reporter. 2022. Vol. 41. P. 200–225.

Abstract

The paper analyses the dynamics of waqf studies within the scope of both International and Russian Ottoman Studies, highlights the main milestones in the study of the institute of waqf in the Ottoman Empire and provides the typology of multiple waqf studies. Initially the study of waqfs was a part of the vast field of research devoted to the culture and history of Islam, but for a long time the institution of waqf itself did not arouse much interest among scholars. Publications of the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused mainly on the formal and legal definition of the waqf institution. Later on, scholars overcame the legal determinism and semantic approaches that made possible to locate waqfs in a broader socio-economic context. Since the late 1930s, the attention of researchers has focused on the economic potential of waqfs. The general revival of scholarly interest in the Islamic world contributed to the quantitative and qualitative growth of waqf research in the 1950s and 1970s. The topic of waqf has become an integral part of publications on the socio-economic history of Muslim countries, relevant university courses, the programs of international symposiums and conferences. In the 1980s and 1990s the range of analyzed issues within the waqf studies greatly expanded: scholars focused on the analysis of the financial and economic activities of waqfs, issues related to waqfs became an important part of gender studies, waqf charters proved to be a valuable and informative source for the study of the phenomena of an Islamic city. Professor Mikhail Meyer made a significant contribution to the waqf studies and research on the role of waqfs in the development of the Ottoman cities. In his research works, based on the rich primary sources from the Anatolian and Balkan provinces, Professor Meyer analysed specific economic and social structures in the Ottoman cities and the modes of interaction between state authorities and extensive network of waqfs.

Keywords: Ottoman Empire, Turkey, waqf studies, Ottoman studies, Mikhail Meyer, waqf system, Islamic institutions, modernization.

Svetlana A. Kirillina – Dr.Sc. (History), Professor, Head of the Department of Middle and Near East History, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Pavel V. Shlykov – Ph.D. (History), Associate Professor of the Department of Middle and Near East History, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University.

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