Усачев А.С. Владимирский Рождественский монастырь и почитание Александра Невского в России XVI века

Усачев А. С. Владимирский Рождественский монастырь и почитание Александра Невского в России XVI века // Исторический вестник. 2021. Т. ХXХV. С. 108–129.

Аннотация

В статье рассматриваются факторы, которые определяли формальный статус и реальный «вес» монастыря в России периода Средневековья. Отмечается, что, как правило, набор этих факторов у обителей был сходным, включающим в себя статус и имущественные возможности насельников и вкладчиков, значимую роль выходцев из монастыря в сфере церковного управления, историю обители, и святыни, которыми она располагала. Различалась лишь степень влияния этих факторов. Отмечено, что исключительно высокий формальный статус Владимирского Рождественского монастыря, занимавшего 1-е место в иерархии русских монастырей, а с 1561г. – 2-е, определялся двумя обстоятельствами. Первым являлась его древность. Расположенный в древней столице Северо-Восточной Руси, в главном городе великокняжеского домена, он был основан существенно ранее прочих значимых обителей России XVIв. (Троице-Сергиева, Новоспасского, Чудова, Симонова, Кирилло-Белозерского, Пафнутьево-Боровского и Иосифо-Волоколамского монастырей). Вторым фактором являлось то значение, которое церковные и политические власти придавали фигуре Александра Невского, по сути, являвшегося основателем династии московских князей. Его прославление поднимало ее престиж. В силу того, что в XVIв. почитание Александра широко еще не распространилось, ключевую роль в его прославлении долгие годы играл Владимирский Рождественский монастырь, в котором покоились его мощи. Это и обеспечивало ему неизменное внимание столичных церковных и светских властей.

Ключевые слова: Александр Невский, Владимирский Рождественский монастырь, Русская церковь, церковная иерархия, почитание святых, канонизация, епископат

Усачев Андрей Сергеевич – доктор исторических наук, профессор РГГУ.

***

Usachev A. S. The Nativity of the Virgin Monastery in Vladimir and the Veneration of Alexander Nevsky in Russia in the 16th Century // Historical Reporter. Vol. 35. 2021. P. 108–129.

Abstract

The article analyzes the factors that determined the formal status and the actual "power" of monasteries in Medieval Russia. It is noted that, basically, the set of factors was the same for different monasteries. It included the status and wealth of inhabitants and supporters, prominent religious personalities among former inhabitants, the monastery's history, and shrines in possession. The only thing that was different is the degree of impact of the factors. For example, the dominant status of the Nativity of the Virgin Monastery in Vladimir, being ranked first in the formal "hierarchy" of Russian monasteries (the second after 1561), was determined by two factors. The first one is the age of the monastery. Placed in the medieval capital of the North-Eastern Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, it was founded much earlier than other essential Russian monasteries that existed in the 16th century: Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, Novospassky Monastery, Chudov Monastery, Simonov Monastery, Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, Pafnutiev BorovskyMonastery, and Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery. The second factor was the emphasis that the church and political authorities laid upon the personality of Alexander Nevsky who essentially established the dynasty of the Moscow princes. It was done specifically to enhance the dynasty's prestige. And, since the veneration of Prince Alexander was not yet widespread in the 16th century, the Nativity of the Virgin Monastery in Vladimir holding his ossuary dominated at the time. Thus, the monastery was under close attention from the Moscow church and authorities.

Key words: Alexander Nevsky, the Nativity of the Virgin Monastery in Vladimir, Russian Church, church hierarchy, veneration of the Saints, canonization, episcopacy

Andrey S. Usachev – D.Sc. (History), Professor at the Russian State University for the Humanities.

***

References

1. Akty Pokrovskogo suzdal’skogo Devich’eva monastyrya XVI — nachala XVII veka [Acts of the Pokrovsky woman’s monastery in Suzdal of the XVI — beginning of the XVII centuries]. M., 2019.
2. Akty Rossijskogo gosudarstva. Arhivy moskovskih monastyrej i soborov, XV — nachalo XVII v. [Acts of the Russian State. Archives of the Moscow monasteries and cathedrals, the XV — beginning of the XVII cc.]. M., 1998.
3. Akty social’no-ekonomicheskoj istorii Severo-Vostochnoj Rusi konca XIV — nachala XVI v. [The acts of the social-economic history of the North-Eastern Russ of the end of XIV — the beginning of XVI c.]. Vol. 3. M., 1964.
4. AlekseevA.I. Sinodik Chudova monastyrya v Moskovskom Kremle [Necrology of the Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin] // Vestnik cerkovnoj istorii. 2019. № 3–4 (55–56). P. 5–239.
5. AntonovA.V. Votchinnye arhivy vladimirskih monastyrej i soborov XIV — nachala XVII v. [Manorial archives of monasteries and cathedrals of Vladimir, the XIV — beginning of the XVII cc.] // Russkij diplomatarij. M., 1998. Vyp. 4. P. 181–219.
6. BulaninD.M. Vladimirskij Rozhdestvenskij monastyr’ kak kul’turnyj centr Drevnej Rusi [Vladimir Rozhdestvensky Monastery as a Cultural Center of Old Rus’] // Trudy otdela drevnerusskoj literatury. L., 1981. T. 36. P. 71–79.
7. Daystra T. Inocheskie imena v Moskovskoj Rusi i problemy identifikacii ih obladatelej (na materiale istochnikov Iosifo-Volokolamskogo monastyrya, 1479–1607) [Monastic names in Moscow Russia and the problems of identification of holders (based on the sources from Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, 1479–1607)] // Imenoslov. Istoricheskaya semantika imeni. Vyp. 2. M., 2007. P. 238–298.
8. Daystra T.E. Russian Monastic Culture: «Josephism» and the Iosifo-Volokolamsk Monastery, 1479–1607. Munchen, 2006.
9. DmitrievaZ.V. Starcy-vkladchiki Kirillo-Belozerskogo monastyrya (1540–1610-e gody) [Startsy-contributers of Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (1540–1610)]// Istorik i istochnik: sb. st. k yubileyu Sergeya Nikolaevicha Kistereva. M.; SPb., 2018. P. 238–255.
10. Dobrovol’skayaM.V. Moskovskaya znat’ po antropologicheskim materialam nekropolya Chudova monastyrya [Moscow nobility according to anthropological materials from the necropolis of the Chudov Monastery] // Arheologiya Moskovskogo Kremlya. Raskopki 2016–2017 gg. M., 2018. P. 130–137.
11. EmchenkoE.B. Stoglav: issledovanie i tekst [Stoglav: Study and Text]. M., 2000.
12. Florya B.N. O rekonstrukcii sostava drevnerusskih bibliotek [About the reconstruction of the Old Russian libraries structure]// Drevnerusskoe iskusstvo. Rukopisnaya kniga. Sb. 1. M., 1972. P. 52–59.
13. Hozyajstvennye knigi Chudova monastyrya 1585/86 g. [Household books from chudov Monastery 1585/86] / Podg. teksta S.N. Bogatyreva. M., 1996.
14. IsoahoM. The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in Medieval Russia: Warrior and Saint. Brill; Leiden; Boston, 2006.
15. IvinaL.I. Krupnaya votchina Severo-Vostochnoj Rusi konca XIV — pervoj poloviny XVI v. [Large Votchina of North-East Russia at the end of the XIV — first half of the XVI cc.]. L., 1979.
16. KisterevS.N. Vladimirskij Rozhdestvenskij monastyr’ v dokumentah XVI — nach. XVII v. [The Nativity Monastery in Vladimir depicted in the documents of the XVI — beginning of the XVII cc.] // Russkij diplomatarij. M., 2000. Vyp. 6. P. 90–147.
17. KlossB.M. Izbrannye trudy [Selected Works]. Vol. 1. M., 1998.
18. KonyavskayaE.L. Aleksandr Nevskij v istoricheskih istochnikah [Alexander Nevsky as depicted in historical sources]// Aleksandr Nevskij. Gosudar’, diplomat, voin. Kollektivnaya monografiya. Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj institut mezhdunarodnyh otnoshenij (universitet) [Aleksandr Nevskij as ruler, diplomat, warrior. Collective monography. Moscow State Institute of International Relations]. M., 2010. P. 209–218.
19. KonyavskayaE.L. Obraz Aleksandra Nevskogo v rannih letopisyah Alexander Nevsky depicted in Russian chronicles]// Drevnyaya Rus’. Voprosy medievistiki. 2009. № 2 (36). P. 55–63.
20. KurganovaN.M. Stranicy istorii nekropolya goroda Suzdalya [Pages from the history of necropolis of the city of Suzdal]. M., 2007.
21. Lenhoff Unoficial Veneration of the Danilovichi in Muscovite Rus’ // Moskovskaya Rus’ (1359–1584): kul’tura i istoricheskoe samosoznanie. M., 1997. P. 391–416.
22. Licevoj letopisnyj svod. Kn. 8: Shumilovskij tom, nauchnyj apparat [The «Illuminated Chronicle». Book 8]. M., 2006.
23. Makarij(Veretennikov). Suzdal’skij episkop Gennadij 1517–1531 gg. [Maсarius (Veretennikov). Gennady, Bishop of Suzdal 1517–1531]// Vestnik cerkovnoj istorii. 2007. № 2. P. 215–222.
24. Makarij(Veretennikov). Zahariya [Maсarius (Veretennikov). Zahariya]// Pravoslavnaya enciklopediya. T. 19. M., 2008. P. 695.
25. MansikkaV.P. Zhitie Aleksandra Nevskogo (Razbor redakcij i tekst) [The Life of Alexander Nevsky (analysis of the edition and texts)]. M., 1913.
26. MargolinaT.A. K voprosu o svyazi moskovskogo boyarstva s Novodevich’im monastyrem [To the question of a connection between the boyars of Moscow and Novodevichiy Monastery]// Novodevichij monastyr’ v russkoj kul’ture [Novodevichiy Monastery in Russian culture]. Mat. nauch. konf. 1995 g. M., 1998 (Trudy GIM. Vyp. 99). P. 70–72.
27. MashtafarovA.V. Vnov’ otkrytye monastyrskie akty XV — nachala XVII v. [The newly discovered monastery acts from the XV — beginning of the XVII cc.]// Russkij diplomatarij. M., 1998. Vyp. 4. P. 36–52.
28. MayasovaN.A. Drevnerusskoe licevoe shit’e [Old Russian Embroidery]. Katalog. M., 2004.
29. Mel’nikA.G. K istorii pochitaniya sv. Sergiya Radonezhskogo v XVI v. [On the history of honouring of Sergius of Radonezh in the XVI c.] // Troice-Sergieva lavra v istorii, kul’ture i duhovnoj zhizni Rossii [Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in history, culture and spiritual life of Russia]. Sergiev Posad, 2012. P. 23–31.
30. Mel’nikA.G. Pochitanie Sergiya Radonezhskogo v russkih monastyryah XVI v. [Honouring of St. Sergius of Radonezh in Russian monasteries in the XVI c.]// Voprosy istorii. 2015. № 1. P. 152–156.
31. Mel’nikA.G. Samye populyarnye russkie svyatye v XVI v. [The most popular Russian saints in the XVI c.] // Drevnyaya Rus’. Voprosy medievistiki. 2011. № 3 (45). P. 83–84.
32. NikolaevaP.V. Troice-Sergiev monastyr’ v XVI — nachale XVIII v. Vklady, vkladchiki, sostav monasheskoj bratii [The Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius in the 16th Through Early 18th Centuries. Investments, Investors, and the Composition of the Brethren]. Sergiev Posad, 2009.
33. Parfent’evN.P.,Parfent’evaN.V. Varlaam (Rogov) // Pravoslavnaya enciklopediya. T. 6. M., 2003. P. 597–598.
34. RozovN.N. Pohval’noe slovo velikomu knyazyu Vasiliyu III [Commendation of the Grand Prince Vasily III]// Arheograficheskij ezhegodnik za 1964 god. M., 1965. P. 278–289.
35. SamojlovaT.E. Knyazheskie portrety v rospisi Arhangel’skogo sobora Moskovskogo Kremlya [The Images of Princes in Murals of Archangel Michael Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin]. Ikonograficheskaya programma XVI veka. M., 2004.
36. SamojlovaT.E. Novootkrytyj «portret» Vasiliya III i ideya svyatosti gosudarya i gosudareva roda [The newly discovered «image» of Vasily III and the idea of holiness of the ruler and his family] // Iskusstvoznanie. 1/99. P. 39–58.
37. ShenkF.B. Aleksandr Nevskij v russkoj kul’turnoj pamyati: svyatoj, pravitel’, nacional’nyj geroj (1263–2000) [Alexander Nevsky in the Russian Cultural Memory: Saint, Ruler, National hero]. M., 2007.
38. ShvedovaM.M. Caricy-inokini Novodevich’ego monastyrya [Princesses-nuns at Novodevichy Convent]// Novodevichij monastyr’ v russkoj kul’ture [Novodevichy Convent in Russian Culture]. Mat. nauch. konf. 1995 g. M., 1998 (Trudy GIM. Vyp. 99). P. 73–93.
39. SirenovA.V. Aleksandr Nevskij v kul’ture Rossii Srednevekov’ya i Novogo vremeni [Alexander Nevsky in the medieval and the new time history of Russia]// Trudy Otdeleniya istoriko-filologicheskih nauk. 2016. M., 2017. P. 368–380.
40. SirenovA.V. Stepennaya kniga i russkaya istoricheskaya mysl’ XVI–XVIII vv. [The Book of Degrees and Russian historical thought of the XVI–XVIII cc.]. M.; SPb., 2010.
41. SizovE.S. «Voobrazheny podobiya knyazej»: Stenopis’ Arhangel’skogo sobora Moskovskogo Kremlya [«Depicting similarities of the princes»: Murals of Archangel Michael Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin]. L., 1969.
42. Stepennaya kniga carskogo rodosloviya po drevnejshim spiskam [The Book of Degrees of the Tsar Genealogy]. T. 1. M., 2007.
43. Stepennaya kniga carskogo rodosloviya po drevnejshim spiskam [The Book of Degrees of the Tsar Genealogy]. T. 2. M., 2008.
44. StroevP.M. Spiski ierarhov i nastoyatelej monastyrej rossijskoj cerkvi [Lists of Hierarchs and Abbots of Monasteries of the Russian Church]. SPb., 1877.
45. TihonravovK.N. Vladimirskij Rozhestvenskij monastyr’ XII veka, gde pochivali sv. moshchi v. k. Aleksandra Nevskogo, do pereneseniya v S.-Peterburg [Nativity of the Virgin Monastery in Vladimir in the XII c., where the saint relics of Alexander Nevsky rested before transition to St. Petersburg]. Vladimir, 1869.
46. TihonravovN.S. Drevnie zhitiya prepodobnogo Sergiya Radonezhskogo [Ancient Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh]. M., 1892.
47. Trudy Vladimirskogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta [Proceedings of the Vladimir statistical governorate committee]. Vladimir, 1864. Vyp. 3. P. 1–46.
48. UsachevA.S. Knigopisanie i problemy social’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya v Rossii XVI v. [The production of manuscripts and the problems of social and economic development of Russia in the 16th century] // Rossijskaya istoriya. 2019. № 6. P. 180–201.
49. UsachevA.S. Knigopisanie v Rossii XVI veka: po materialam datirovannyh vyhodnyh zapisej [The Writing of books in Russia in the 16th Century: on Materials of Dated Colophons]. T. 1. M.; SPb., 2018.
50. UsachevA.S. O sostave Osvyashchennogo sobora v 1566 g. [On Participants of the 1566 Osvyashchennii sobor (Church Council in 1566)]// Predstavitel’nye instituty v Rossii v kontekste evropejskoj istorii. XV — seredina XVII v. / Otv. red. V.D. Nazarov. M., 2017. P. 101–117.
51. UsachevA.S. Pochemu zakonchilas’ «volokolamskaya gegemoniya» v Russkoj cerkvi XVI v.? [Why did the «Volokolam hegemony» in the Russian church of the 16th century come to an end?] // Rossijskaya istoriya. 2017. № 5. P. 97–113.
52. UsachevA.S. Stepennaya kniga i drevnerusskaya knizhnost’ vremeni mitropolita Makariya [The Book of Royal Degrees and Old Russian Book Culture of the Time of Metropolitan Makarii]. M.; SPb., 2009. P. 375–393.
53. UsachevA.S. Vologodskij episkop Antonij i Russkaya Cerkov’ v period bor’by za vlast’ pri dvore v seredine 1580-h gg. [St. Anthony Bishop of Vologda and Russian Church during the period of struggle for power at court in the middle of 1580s] // Rossijskaya istoriya. 2018. № 6. P. 136–146.
54. Vkladnaya kniga vladimirskogo Rozhdestvenskogo monastyrya [Book of contributions to the Vladimir Rozhdestvensky monastery]// Trudy Vladimirskogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta. Vladimir, 1864. Vyp. 3. P. 1–46.
55. Zakonodatel’nye akty Russkogo gosudarstva vtoroj poloviny XVI — pervoj poloviny XVII veka. Teksty. [Legislative acts of the Russian state of the second half of the 16th century — the first half of the 17th century. Texts]. L., 1986.
56. ZiminA.A. Krupnaya feodal’naya votchina i social’no-politicheskaya bor’ba v Rossii (konec XV–XVI v.) [Large Feudal Fiefdom and Socio-Political Struggle in Russia in the Late 15th–16th c.]. M., 1977.