Мазуров А.Б. К истории почитания чудотворной иконы Николы Заразского

Мазуров А. Б. К истории почитания чудотворной иконы Николы Заразского // Исторический вестник. 2021. Т. ХXХV. С. 146–189.

Аннотация

В статье рассмотрены иконографические особенности иконы «Никола Зарайский в житии», являвшейся в XVII – начале XX вв. храмовым образом и главной святыней Никольского собора г. Зарайска. Икона, являющаяся списком с древнего утраченного византийского («корсунского») оригинала XIII века, ранее датировалась 1513 г. Предлагается отнести памятник к 1528-1531 гг. и связать его появление с моментом завершения строительства наиболее раннего каменного Никольского храма XVI в., являвшегося духовным центром строившегося в это же время Зарайского кремля. Образ является ценным источником для реконструкции особенностей его прототипа. Доказывается, что древний корсунский образ не имел житийных клейм. Чтимая в народе икона породила значительное количество копий и повторений. Выявлено более 40 иконографических источников XIII - первой трети XVI вв. (живописные иконы, деревянные и каменные резные иконы и иконки, произведения шитья, крест-мощевик), которые восходят к древнему оригиналу (наиболее яркая черта которого, помимо иконографии Николы Зарайского, – крестчатая фелонь), повторяя его во многих деталях. Вместе с тем, акцентирована и возможность вариаций в трактовке деталей. Проанализированный массив источников позволяет утверждать, что прототип списка 1528–1531 г. в том виде, в каком мы его знаем сейчас, существовал уже не позднее конца XIII века.

Ключевые слова: древнерусская иконопись, XIII-XVI вв., чтимые и чудотворные иконы, иконография Николы Зарайского, корсунская икона Николы Заразского XIII в.

Мазуров Алексей Борисович – доктор исторических наук, профессор, ректор Свято-Филаретовского православно-христианского института (г. Москва), президент Государственного социально-гуманитарного университета (г. Коломна).

***

Mazurov A. B. Further on the History of the Veneration of the wonder-working icon of Nicholas of Zaraysk // Historical Reporter. Vol. 35. 2021. P. 146–189.

Abstract

The article studies the iconographic details of the icon «Nicolas of Zaraysk in His Life» which was the principal image and the main shrine of St. Nicholas Cathedral in Zaraysk between the 17th and the early 20th centuries. Copied from the Byzantine (Korsun) icon from the 13th century, the icon has been traditionally dated 1513. The author suggests that the icon's origin should be dated 1528–1531 and associated with the end of the construction of the earliest stone St. Nicholas Church of the 16th century. It was the religious center of the Zaraysk Kremlin which was also under construction at the time. The image is a critical source for recreating the details of its prototype. The author brings evidence that the Korsun image had no hagiographic border scenes. The popular icon has been copied numerous times. Over 40 iconographic sources from between the 13th and the first third of the 16th centuries have been identified (pictorial icons, wood, and stone carved icons and miniatures, sewing works, a reliquary cross) that go back to the medieval original (the cross phelonion being the most striking feature, apart from the iconography of Nicholas of Zaraysk) and copy its many details. Besides that, the possibility of variable details has been emphasized. Based on the analyzed sources, the author suggests that the prototype of the copy from 1528–1531, as we know it today, had already existed in the late 13th century or earlier.

Key words: Medieval Russian icons, 13th–14th centuries, popular and wonder-working icons, the iconography of Nicholas of Zaraysk, Korsun icon of Nicholas of Zaraysk from the 13th century.

Alexey B. Mazurov – D.Sc. (History), Professor, Rector of the St. Philaret Christian Orthodox Institute, president of the Kolomna State Regional Institute of Social Studies and Humanities.

***

References

1. 1000-letie russkoj hudozhestvennoj kul’tury [1000th anniversary of Russian artistic culture]. M., 1988.
2. AntonovaV.I. Moskovskaya ikona nachala XIV v. iz Kieva i «Povest’ o Nikole Zarajskom» [Moscow Icons of the beginning of the XIV century from KievI and the «Tale of St. Nicholas Zaraisky»] // Trudy otdela drevnerusskoj literatury. M.-L., 1957. T. XIII.
3. AntonovaV.I.,MnevaN.E. Katalog drevnerusskoj zhivopisi XI–XVIII v.v. Opyt istoriko-hudozhestvennoj klassifikacii [Catalogue of Medieval Russian art, XI–XVIII cc. Art historical classification]. V 2-h tomah. M., 1963. Vol. 1.
4. ArcihovskijA.V. Drevnerusskie miniatyury kak istoricheskij istochnik [Old Russian miniatures as a historical source]. Tomsk — M., 2004.
5. Velikij knyaz’ i gosudar’ vseya Rusi Ivan III. Katalog vystavki. Muzei Moskovskogo Kremlya, 20 marta — 14 iyulya 2013 g. [Grand Prince of all Rus’ Ivan III. Exhibition Catalogue, Moscow Kremlin Museum, 20th of March — 14th of July 2013]. M., 2013.
6. GladyshevaE.N. K voprosu ob ikonografii Nikoly Zarajskogo [To the question about iconography of St. Nicholas Zaraisky] // Ikony Russkogo Severa. Dvinskaya zemlya, Onega, Kargopol’e, Pomor’e [Icons of Russian North. Dvinskaya land, Onega, Kargopol’e, Pomor’e]. Stat’i i materialy. M., 2005.
7. Gorod Zarajsk i ego tverdynya [The city of Zaraysk and the Citadel]. Pod obshch. red. K.V. Kondrat’eva. M., 2017.
8. Gosudarstvennaya Tret’yakovskaya galereya. Katalog sobraniya [The State Tretyakov Gallery. The collection catalog]. Vol.1. Drevnerusskoe iskusstvo X — nachala XI veka. M., 1995.
9. Gradostroitel’stvo Moskovskogo gosudarstva XVI–XVII vekov [Town planning of the Moscow state of the 16th–17th centuries]. Pod red. N.F. Gulyanickogo. M., 1994.
10. DobrodomovI.G. Nikola Korsunskij — Zarazskij — Zaraskij — Zarajskij // Pravilo very i obraz krotosti... Obraz svt. Nikolaya, arhiepiskopa Mirlikijskogo, v vizantijskoj i slavyanskoj agiografii, gimnografii i ikonografii [The Rule of faith and the image of meekness: The Image of Nicholas wonder worker, archbishop of Myra Lycia]. M., 2004. P.182–196.
11. Drevnosti Zarajskogo kremlya. K 100-letiyu GMZ «Zarajskij kreml’» [Antiquities of the Zaraysk Kremlin. To the 1000-years anniversary of the «Zaraysk Kremlin» reserve museum]. Katalog vystavki. Zarajsk, 2018.
12. Zarajsk. Materialy dlya istorii goroda XVI–XVIII stoletij [Zaraysk. History of the city, 16–18 cc.]. M., 1888.
13. Izvlechenie iz pripravochnogo spiska spiscovoj knigi g.Kolomny i Kolomenskogo uezda D.P. Zhitova i F. Kamynina 1577/78 g. (1618 g.?) [Extraction of a «Land List Book» of the city and Uyezd of Kolomna from a «Reference Book», 1577/78 (1618?)] // Goroda Rossii XVI veka: materialy piscovyh opisanij. M., 2002.
14. Ikonopis’ Palekha iz sobraniya Gosudarstvennogo muzeya Palekhskogo iskusstva [Palekh Icon Painting. State Museum of Palekh Art]. M., 1994.
15. Ikony XIII–XVI vekov v sobranii muzeya imeni Andreya Rubleva [Icons of 13th–16th centuries in the Collection of Andrei Rublev Museum]. M., 2007.
16. Ikony Velikogo Novgoroda XI — nachala XVI vv. [Novgorod the Great Icons of 11th — Early 16th Centuries]. M., 2008.
17. Ikony Vladimira i Suzdalya [Icons of Vladimir and Suzdal]. M., 2006.
18. Ikony Moskvy XIV–XVI vv. Katalog sobraniya CMIAR [Moscow Icons of the 14th–16th centuries. Catalogue of the Central Andrey Rublev Museum]. Vol. II. M., 2006.
19. Ikony Russkogo Severa: Shedevry drevnerusskoj zhivopisi Arhangel’skogo muzeya izobrazitel’nyh iskusstv. V 2 T. [Icons of Northern Russia: The Masterpieces of Ancient Russian Painting in Arkhangel’sk Museum of Fine Arts: In 2 vol.]. Vol.1. M., 2007.
20. Ikony Uspenskogo sobora Moskovskogo Kremlya. X — nachalo XV veka [Icons of the Moscow Kremlin Cathedral of the Dormition. 11th — beginning of the 15th centuries]. Katalog. M., 2007.
21. Istoriya russkogo iskusstva. V 22 T. T. 4: Iskusstvo serediny XIII— serediny XIV veka. M., 2019. Istochniki (strui) arhierejskie [History of Russian Art. In 22 Volumes. Vol. 4: Art of the 13th — middle of the 14th centuries] // Pravoslavnaya enciklopediya. T.28. M., 2015. P. 23.
22. KoscovaA.S.,PobedinskayaA.G. Russkie ikony XVI — nachala XX veka s nadpisyami i datami: Katalog vystavki [Russian Icons of the 16th — beginning of the 20th centuries, with inscriptions and dates: exhibition catalogue]. L., 1990.
23. LaurinaV.K. Novgorodskaya ikonopis’ konca XV — nachala XVI vv. i moskovskoe iskusstvo [Novgorodian icon-painting at the end of the 15th — beginning of the 16th centuries and art in Moscow] // Drevnerusskoe iskusstvo. Hudozhestvennaya kul’tura Moskvy...
24. LihachevD.S. Povesti o Nikole Zarazskom (teksty) [Tales about St. Nicholas Zaraisky (texts)] // TODRL. Vol.7. M.; L., 1949. P. 257–406.
25. MazurovA.B. Sushchestvovala li v XIII–XV vv. chudotvornaya ikona Nikoly Korsunskogo (Zarajskogo)[Did the Wonder-Working Icon of St. Nicholas Zaraisky exist] // Paleorosiya. Drevnyaya Rus’: vo vremeni, v lichnostyah, v ideyah. Nauchnyj zhurnal [Ancient Rus: in time, in personalities, in ideas, Scientific magazine]. 2020. № 1 (12). P. 140–158.
26. Mahan’koM.A. Pochitanie i sobiranie drevnih ikon v istorii i kul’ture Moskovskoj Rusi XVI veka [Worship and Collecting of the Ancient Icons in the History and Culture of the Moscow Rus’ of the 16th Century]. M., 2015.
27. NersesyanL.V. Dionisij ikonnik i freski Ferapontova monastyrya [Dionysius Ikonnik and frescoes Ferapontov Monastery]. M., 2006.
28. NechaevaT.N. Ikonografiya Velikoreckogo obraza svyatitelya Nikolaya Chudotvorca v russkoj ikonopisi XVI v. [Iconography of the Velikoretsk icon of St. Nicholas the Miraclemaker: image of the holy hierarch of the 16th century] // Pravilo very i obraz krotosti... Obraz svt. Nikolaya, arhiepiskopa Mirlikijskogo, v vizantijskoj i slavyanskoj agiografii, gimnografii i ikonografii [The Rule of faith and the image of meekness: The Image of Nicholas wonder worker, archbishop of Myra Lycia]. M., 2004.
29. NechaevaT.N. Svyatitel’ Nikolaj Mirlikijskij (Nikola Zarajskij), s zhitiem [Saint Bishop Nikolay Mirlikiysky (Nikola Zaraysky), with the text of the «Life» // Ikony XIII–XVI vekov v sobranii muzeya imeni Andreya Rubleva [Icons of the 13th–16th centuries, collection of the Central Andrey Rublev Museum]. M., 2007.
30. NikolaevaT.V. Drevnerusskaya melkaya plastika iz kamnya. XI–XV vv. [Old Russian Small-Size Sculptures of Stone of the 11th — 15th century] // Svod arheologicheskih istochnikov. Vyp. E1-60. M., 1983.
31. Obretennye sokrovishcha. Iz sobraniya V.A. Bondarenko. Kniga-kalendar’ na 2005 god. Minsk — Milano [Discovering of the treasures. Icons from the collection of V. Bondarenko]. 2004.
32. PlatonovV.G. Zhitijnye cikly na ikonah svyatitelya Nikolaya iz Obonezh’ya i Zapadnogo Pomor’ya (k probleme formirovaniya lokal’nyh ikonograficheskih tradicij v severnoj ikonopisi) [Hagiographical cycles on the Icons of holy hierarch Nocolas from Obonezhye and Western Seaside (to the problem of formation of local iconographical traditions of the northern icon-painting)] // Pochitanie svyatitelya Nikolaya...
33. PleshanovaI.I. Reznye ikony Gosudarstvennogo Russkogo muzeya [Carved Icons of the Russian State Museum] // Pamyatniki kul’tury. Novye otkrytiya. 1976. M., 1977.
34. PopovV. Puti razvitiya Tverskogo iskusstva v XIV — nachale XVI veka (zhivopis’, miniatyura) [Ways of Tver art development in the 14th — beginning of the 16th century (painting, miniatures)] // Drevnerusskoe iskusstvo. Hudozhestvennaya kul’tura Moskvy i prilegayushchih k nej knyazhestv. XIV–XVI vv. M., 1970.
35. PoppeA.V. K nachal’noj istorii kul’ta sv. Nikoly Zarazskogo [On the beginning of the St. nicolas Zaraysk worship]// Essays to Honor of A.A. Zimin. Columbus, 1983.
36. PreobrazhenskijA.S. O proiskhozhdenii i smysle ikonograficheskogo tipa sv. Nikoly «Zarajskogo» [About the origin and the meaning of the iconography type of «St. Nicholas Zaraisky»]// Lazarevskie chteniya. Iskusstvo Vizantii, Drevnej Rusi, Zapadnoj Evropy. Vyp.4 (XXXV). Materialy nauchnoj konferencii. 2011. M., 2012.
37. PreobrazhenskijA.S. Prikladnoe iskusstvo [Decorative art] // Istoriya russkogo iskusstva. V 22 T. [The history of Russian art, in 22 Vol.]. T. 4: Iskusstvo serediny XIII — serediny XIV veka. M., 2019.
38. PuckoV.G. Felon’-polistavrij sv. Leontij Rostovskogo [Phaelonion-Polystavrion of St. Leontius, bishop of Rosto] // Soobshcheniya Rostovskogo muzeya. Vyp. XV. Rostov, 2005.
39. PuckoV.G. Russkie ikony svyatitelya Nikolaya po dannym melkoj kamennoj plastiki XII–XIV vekov [Russian Icons of Enlightener Nicokas according to the small stone plastics of the 13th–14th cc.] // Pochitanie svyatitelya Nikolaya Chudotvorca...
40. Rostovo-Suzdal’skaya shkola zhivopisi. Katalog vystavki v GTG. M., 1967.
41. Russkie ikony. Chastnye kollekcii [Russian Icons. Private collections]. Kollekciya russkih ikon Art-galerei Dezha Vyu. M., 2003.
42. RybakovA.A. Vologodskaya ikona. Centry hudozhestvennoj kul’tury zemli Vologodskoj XII–XVII vekov. Al’bom [Icons from Vologda. Centers of the art culture in the Vologda area of the 12–17th cc. Album]. M., 1995.
43. RybakovA.A. Pochitanie svyatitelya Nikolaya Chudotvorca i ego otrazhenie v iskusstve (kanon, izvod, obraz) [Nicholas the Wonderworker worshiping and his reflexion in art] // Obraz Svyatitelya Nikolaya Chudotvorca v zhivopisi, rukopisnoj i staropechatnoj knige, grafike, melkoj plastike, derevyannoj skul’pture i dekorativno-prikladnom iskusstve XII–XXI vekov: Katalog vystavki. M., 2004.
44. SaenkovaE.M. Ikona «Svyatitel’ Nikolaj Chudotvorec, s zhitiem» 1-j pol. XV v. iz sobraniya K.V. Voronina: osobennosti ikonografii i stilya // Vestnik PSTGU. Seriya V. Voprosy istorii i teorii hristianskogo iskusstva. 2011. Vyp.3 (6).
45. Svyatoj Nikolaj Mirlikijskij v proizvedeniyah XII–XIX stoletij iz sobraniya Russkogo muzeya. SPb., 2006. Smirnova E.S. Zhivopis Obonezh’ya XIV– XVI vekov. M., 1967.
46. SmirnovaE.S. Ikonopis’ i rukopisnaya miniatyura // Istoriya russkogo iskusstva. V 22 T. T. 4: Iskusstvo serediny XIII — serediny XIV veka. M., 2019.
47. SmirnovaE.S.,LaurinaV.K.,GordienkoE.A. Zhivopis’ Velikogo Novgoroda [Paintings of Novgorod the Great]. XV vek. M., 1982.
48. Solov’evaI.D. K voprosu o zhitijnoj ikonografii svyatitelya Nikolaya Mirlikijskogo v russkoj ikonopisi XIV stoletiya // Pochitanie svyatitelya Nikolaya Chudotvorca i ego otrazhenie v fol’klore, pis’mennosti i iskusstve. M., 2007.
49. Haushtajn-Barg E., Benchev I. Muzej ikon v Reklinghauzene, Germaniya. M., 2008.
50. YudakovM.A. Poryadok upotrebleniya arhierejskogo omofora za Bozhestvennoj liturgiej v Russkoj cerkvi (istoricheskij analiz) // Bogoslovskie trudy. Vyp.45. M., 2013.