Селезнёв Ю.В. Лаврентьевская летопись как источник по истории Джучиева Улуса (Орды)

Селезнёв Ю.В. Лаврентьевская летопись как источник по истории Джучиева Улуса (Орды) // Исторический вестник. 2023. Т. XLV. С. 88.

Аннотация

Цель статьи: в предложенной статье рассматриваются свидетельства одной из ранних русских летописей – Лаврентьевской – об истории русско-ордынских отношений и Джучиевом Улусе (Золотой Орде) с целью выявления их релевантности.

Материалы исследования: исследование основано на анализе выборки свидетельств об Орде и русско-ордынских отношений из Лаврентьевской летописи (1377 г.). Для выявления достоверности свидетельств указанного летописного свода привлекались известия источников иного происхождения – армянские летописи (в частности, Киракоса Гандзакеци), персидских авторов Джувейни и Рашид ад-Дина, а также данные других русских летописей (Новгородской I, Новгородской IV, Ипатьевской летописи, Летопись Авраамки, Симеоновская летопись, Устюжские и вологодские летописи).

Результатыинаучнаяновизна: в результате анализа Лаврентьевской летописи выделено 42 известия об Орде и русско-ордынских отношениях, зафиксированных в 29 погодных записях. При этом доля данных свидетельств для периода 1223–1304 гг. составила до четверти (25%) от общего числа известий. Это наглядно показывает особую актуальность событий в Орде для древнерусских летописцев и общества средневековой Руси.

В Лаврентьевской летописи отразился уникальный набор свидетельств о завоевании и установлении системы монгольского, а затем ордынского владычества; о позиции владимиро-ростовских книжников и их оценке русско-ордынских отношений. Подбор известий в Лаврентьевской летописи носит общерусский характер и отличается широким кругозором авторов.

В ходе сравнения известий Лаврентьевской летописи со свидетельствами источников иного происхождения удается уяснить специфику унификационных мероприятий монгольского центрального правительства в рассматриваемое время. Кроме того, подтверждаются и уточняются независимые сведения китайских, персидских, армянских и других памятников синхронного времени. Свидетельства Лаврентьевской летописи представляют собой широкий пласт косвенной информации, позволяющий выявлять особенности внутриполитического развития в Орде во второй половине XIII столетия.

Ключевые слова: Лаврентьевская летопись, источники, Джучиев Улус, Золотая Орда, русско-ордынские отношения.

Селезнёв Юрий Васильевич – доктор исторических наук, заведующий кафедрой истории России Воронежского государственного университета, Руководитель Воронежского клуба МОО «Ассоциация исследователей Золотой Орды».

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Seleznev Yu.V. Laurentian Codex as the Source About the Ulus of Jochi (The Golden Horde) // Historical Reporter. 2023. Vol. 45. P. 88.

Abstract

The article examines the evidence of one of the early Russian chronicles — the Laurentian Chronicle. The article focuses upon the history of the Russian-Horde relations and the Juchi Ulus (Golden Horde) in order to identify their relevance. The study is based on the analysis of a sample of evidence about the Horde and the Russian-Horde relations from the Laurentian Chronicle (1377). To identify the reliability of the evidence of this chronicle, news from sources of other origin — Armenian chronicles (in particular, Kairakos Gandzaketsi), Persian authors Juveini and Rashid al-Din, as well as data from other Russian chronicles (Novgorod I, Novgorod IV, Ipatiev Chronicles, Avraamka Chronicle, Simeonovskaya Chronicle, Ustyuzhsky and Vologda chronicles). As a result of the analysis of the Laurentian Chronicle, 42 pieces of news about the Horde and Russian-Horde relations recorded in 29 weather records were identified. At the same time, the share of these certificates for the period 1223–1304 amounted to up to a quarter (25%) of the total amount of news. This analysis shows the special relevance of the events in the Horde for the Old Russian chroniclers and the society of Medieval Russia. The Laurentian Chronicle reflects a unique set of evidence about the conquest and establishment of the system of Mongol, and then, Horde rule; the position of the Vladimir-Rostov scribes and their assessment of Russian-Horde relations. The selection of news in the Laurentian Chronicle has an all-Russian character and is distinguished by a broad outlook of the authors. While comparing the news of the Laurentian Chronicle with the evidence of sources of other origin, it is possible to understand the specifics of the unification measures of the Mongolian central government at the time. In addition, independent information of Chinese, Persian, Armenian, and other monuments of synchronous time is confirmed and clarified. The evidence of the Laurentian Chronicle is a wide layer of indirect information that allows us to identify the features of internal political development in the Horde in the second half of the XIII century.

Key words: Laurentian Chronicle, sources, Juchiev Ulus, Golden Horde, Russian-Horde Relations.

Yury V. Seleznev — D. Sc. (History), Head of the Department of Russian History, Voronezh State University, Head of the Voronezh Club of the International Public Organization .Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde.

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