Орлов В.В. Сакральное знание и сотрудничество региональных ученых традиций: опыт Магриба и Сахеля (XVI–XIX вв.)

Орлов В.В.Сакральное знание и сотрудничество региональных ученых традиций: опыт Магриба и Сахеля (XVI–XIX вв.)// Исторический вестник. 2024. Т. XLVIII. С. 270–285.

Аннотация

В статье рассмотрена историческая ретроспектива культурных и интеллектуальных взаимосвязей между Северной Африкой и Сахелем – исламизированным регионом, прилегающим с севера и юга к пустыне Сахара. Исследованы причины и характерные черты магрибинского интеллектуального первенства в процессах воспроизводства религиозной учености в Тропической Африке в свете событий ежегодного паломничества африканских мусульман в Мекку. Показаны исторические и культурные предпосылки широкого распространения влияния магрибинских суфийских братств в странах Сахеля. Автор прослеживает динамику географии «священного знания» в исламской Африке XVI–XIX вв. и доказывает, что она коррелирует с финансово-экономической активностью крупных суфийских объединений (Тиджанийа, Кадирийа и др.), которые организовывали местную и межрегиональную торговлю и обеспечивали безопасность караванных трасс. Особое внимание уделено анализу многогранной деятельности суфийских обителей, которые выполняли роль внегородских центров обучения, обладали значительными библиотеками и располагали кадрами высокопрофессиональных преподавателей исламских духовных дисциплин. Изучены родоплеменные и интеллектуальные связи между верхушкой суфийских братств и аристократическими семьями Сахары, служившими проводниками их интересов в центральных и западных территориях Африканского континента.

Ключевые слова: исламская культура, богословие, интеллектуальный обмен, традиционное обучение, Магриб, Сахель.

Владимир Викторович Орлов —доктор исторических наук, доцент профессор кафедры истории стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Институт стран Азии и Африки МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова (ИСАА МГУ).

***

Orlov V.V. Sacred Knowledge and Cooperation Among Regional Scholarly Traditions: Insights from the Maghreb and the Sahel (16th–19th Centuries) // Historical Reporter. 2024. Vol. 48. P. 270–285.

Abstract

The article explores the historical retrospective of cultural and intellectual exchanges between North Africa and the Sahel, an Islamized region flanking the Sahara Desert. The study investigates the factors and traits contributing to the predominance of Maghribi intellectual influence in perpetuating religious scholarship in Tropical Africa, particularly considering the yearly pilgrimage of African Muslims to Mecca. It illustrates the historical and cultural underpinnings behind the widespread influence of Maghribi Sufi brotherhoods in the Sahel region. The author investigates the geographical distribution of 'sacred knowledge' in Islamic Africa from the 16th to the 19th century, demonstrating its correlation with the financial and economic activities of major Sufi groups like Tijaniyyah and Qadiriyya, which facilitated local and regional trade and ensured the safety of caravan routes. Significant focus is placed on the multifaceted activities of Sufi monasteries, which acted as rural centers of learning, housed extensive libraries, and employed highly skilled instructors of Islamic spiritual practices. The study delves into the tribal and intellectual ties between the leaders of Sufi brotherhoods and the aristocratic families of the Sahara, who acted as intermediaries for their interests across central and western Africa.

Key Words: Islamic Culture, Theology, Intellectual Exchange, Traditional Education, Maghreb, Sahel.

Vladimir V. Orlov — D.Sc. (History), Professor, Department of Middle and Near East Studies, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State Universtity.

***

References

1. Abun-Nasr J.M. The Tijaniyya: a Sufi Order in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.
2. Andrews G.F. Islam and the Confraternities in French North Africa // Geographical Journal. 1916. Vol. 47. № 2. P. 115–134.
3. Al-ʻAyyashi Abu Salim. Maʼ al-mawaʼid. Rihlat al-shaykh Abi Salim al-ʻAyyashi [Water of the Tables (for the Feast). The Voyage of the Shaykh Abi Salim al-ʻAyyashi]. T. 1–2. Fes: [lithogr. ed.], 1898.
4. Batran A. The Kunta, Sidi al-Mukhtar al-Kunti and the Office of Shaykh al-Tariqa al-Qadiriyya // Studies in West African Islamic History. Vol. 1. The Cultivators of Islam. Ed. by J.R. Willis. London–Totowa (NJ): Frank Cass, 1979. P. 113–140.
5. Bennison A.K. Liminal States: Morocco and the Iberian Frontier between the Twelfth and Nineteenth Centuries // North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World: from the Almoravides to the Algerian War. Ed. by J. Clancy-Smith. London–Portland (OR): Frank Cass, 2001. P. 11–28.
6. Berque J. L’interieur du Maghreb, XVe–XIXe siècle. P.: Gallimard, 1978.
7. Bodin M. La zaouia de Tamgrout // Archives berbères. 1919–1920. Vol. V.P. 279–297.
8. Bukari Ahmad. Al-zawiyya al-sharqawiyya: zawiyyat Abi al-Jaʻd, ishʻaʻuha al-dini wa al-ʻilmi [The Convent of Sharqawiyya Brotherhood: Zawiyya Abu al-Jaʻd, its Religious and Scholarly Impact]. Casablanca: Ifriquyya al-Sharq, 1985.
9. Cat E. L’islamisme et les confréries religieuses au Maroc // Revue de deux mondes. 1898. Vol. 149. 2-ème livraison. P. 375–404.
10. Depont O., Coppolani X. Les confréries religieuses musulmanes. Alger: Adolphe Jourdan, 1897.
11. Doutté E. Notes sur l’islam maghrébin: les marabouts // Revue de l’histoire des religions. 1899. Vol. 40. P. 343–369; 1900. Vol. 41. P. 22–66, 289–336; 1900. Vol. 42. P. 92–112.
12. Eickelman D.F. Moroccan Islam. Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press, 1976.
13. O’Fahey R.S. Enigmatic Saint: Ahmad Ibn Idris and the Idrisi Tradition. Evanston (IL): Northwestern University Press, 1990.
14. Gellner E. Saints of the Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
15. Gutelius D.P.V. The Path is Easy and the Benefits Large: the Nasiriyya, Social Networks and Economic Change in Morocco, 1640–1830 // Journal of African History. 2003. Vol. 44. № 2. P. 298–325.
16. Hiskett M. The Development of Islam in West Africa. L.–N.Y.: Longman, 1984.
17. Al-Kattani Muhammad ibn Jaʻfar. Salwat al-anfas wa muhadathat al-aqyas bi man uqbira min al-ʻulamaʼ wa al-sulahaʼ bi Fas [Consolation of Souls and Conversations Evaluating those Scholars and the Righteous, who Rested in Fes]. Т. 1–3. Fes: [lithogr. ed.], 1899.
18. Kirillina S.A. Osmanskiy Yegipet XVIII v. v sisteme religioznogo znaniya arabo-musulʼmanskogo mira [The Ottoman Egypt of the XVIII Century in the System of Religious Knowledge of the Arab-Muslim World] // Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 13: Vostokovedeniye. 1998. № 4. P. 42–61.
19. Knysh A.D. Musulʼmanskiy mistitsizm. Kratkaya istoriya [Muslim Mysticism. A Brief History]. Transl. from English. Saint-Petersburg: Dilya, 2004.
20. Kobishchanov Yu.M. Istoriya rasprostraneniya islama v Afrike [The History of the Dissemination of Islam in Africa]. Moscow: Nauka, 1987.
21. Kubbel L.Ye. Songayskaya derzhava. Opyt issledovaniya sotsialʼnopoliticheskogo stroya [The Songhai State. The Experience of Studying its Socio-Political System]. Moscow: Nauka, 1974.
22. Lacroix N., La Martinière H., de. Documents pour servir à l’étude du Nord-Ouest africain. T. 1–4. Alger: Gouvernement général de l’Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes, 1897.
23. Lukonin Yu.V., Podgornova N.P. Istoriya Mavritaniyi v novoye i noveysheye vremya [The History of Mauritania in Modern Times]. Moscow: Nauka. Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostochnoy Literatury, 1991.
24. Makhluf Muhammad ibn Muhammad. Shadjarat al-nur al-zakiyya fi tabaqat al-malikiyya [The Tree of Mental Light in the Generations of Maliki School]. Т. 1–2. Beyrouth: Dar al-thaqafa, 1930–1931.
25. Montet E. Les confréries religieuses de l’islam marocain: leur role religieux, politique et social // Revue de l’histoire des religions. 1902. Vol. 45. P. 1–35.
26. Montet E. Le culte des saints musulmans dans l’Afrique du Nord et plus spécialement au Maroc. Genève: Librairie Georg & Cie, 1909.
27. Mouliéras A. Le Maroc inconnu. T. 1–2. Oran: Fouqué & Cie, 1895–1899.
28. Al-Nasiri Abu al-ʻAbbas Ahmad ibn Khalid. Kitab al-istiqsa li akhbar duwwal al-Maghrib al-Aqsa [The Book of Requesting Information about the Dynasties of the Far Maghreb]. Т. 1–9. Casablanca: Dar al-kitab, 1954–1956.
29. Norris H.T. Znaga Islam during XVII and XVIII Centuries // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 1969. Vol. 32. Pt. 2. P. 154– 206.
30. Orlov V.V. Moroccan Ulema and Pilgrims in Cairo: An Aspect of Intellectual Exchange in the Arab-Ottoman World of the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries // The Arab Lands in the Ottoman Era. Essays in Honor of Prof. C. Farah. Ed. by J. Hathaway. Minneapolis (MN): Center for Early Modern History, 2009. P. 169– 186.
31. Al-Qadiri Muhammad ibn al-Tayyib. Nashr al-mathani li ahl al-qarn al-hadi ʻashar wa al-thani [Publication of Couplets about People of the XI and XII Centuries (Hijri)]. Publ. by M. Hajji, A. at-Tawfiq. T. 1–4. Rabat: Dar al-Maghrib li al-taʼlif wa al-tarjama wa al-nashr, 1977–1986.
32. Rinn L. Marabouts et khouan. Étude sur l’islam en Algérie. Alger: Adolphe Jourdan, 1884.
33. Savateev A.D. Musulʼmanskiye duhovniye ordeny v Tropicheskoy Afrike [Muslim Spiritual Orders in Tropical Africa]. Moscow: XXI vek–Soglasie, 1999.
34. Savateev A.D. Islamskaya tsivilizatsiya v Tropicheskoy Afrike [Islamic Civilization in Tropical Africa]. Moscow: Institut Afriki RAN, 2006.
35. Sarkis Yusuf Ilyas. Muʻjam al-matbuʻat al-ʻarabiyya wa al-muʻarraba [Dictionary of Arabic and Translated Printed Publications]. Т. 1–2. Cairo: Al-matbaʻa al-ʻabbasiyya, 1928–1931.
36. Al-Tazi Abd al-Hadi. Jamiʻ al-Qarawiyyin. Al-Masjid wa al-jamiʻa bi madinat Fas [The Cathedral Mosque al-Qarawiyyin. Mosque and University in the City of Fes]. Т. 1–3. Beyrouth: Dar al-fikr, 1972.
37. Trimingham J.S. Sufiyskiye ordeny v islame [The Sufi Orders in Islam]/ Transl. from English. Ed. by O.F. Akimushkin. Moscow: Sophiya; Gelios, 2002.
38. Villes et tribus du Maroc. Documents et renseignements. Casablanca et les Châouïa. T. 1–2. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1915.
39. Voll J.O. Two Biographies of Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi (1760–1837) // International Journal of African Historical Studies. 1973. Vol. 6. № 4. P. 633–645.
40. Whitecomb Th. New Evidence on the Origins of Kunta // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 1975. Vol. 38. Pt. 1. P. 36–52.