Исхаков С.М. Борьба татар Крыма за самоопределение (1917 — конец 1930-х гг.)
Исхаков С.М. Борьба татар Крыма за самоопределение (1917 — конец 1930-х гг.) // Исторический вестник. 2021. Т. ХXХVI. С. 104–141.
Iskhakov S.M. The Striving of Crimean Tatars for Self-determination (1917 — end of 1930s) // Historical Reporter. Vol. 36. 2021. P. 104–141.
Ключевые слова: Крым, крымские татары, мусульмане, ислам, белые, красные, национальная политика, Ч. Челебиев, Дж. Сейдамет, В. Ибраимов.
Key words: Crimea, Crimean Tatars, Muslims, Islam, the White, the Red, national policy, Ch. Chelebiev, О. Sejdamet, V. Ibraimov.
Аннотация
Статья посвящена борьбе крымских татар за свое самоопределение в первой трети ХХ века, которая получила различные трактовки в современной историографии, которая находится под сильным влиянием политической конъюнктуры и пропаганды. Из приведенных фактов следует, что национальная политика белых и красных была, по сути, чуждой, в отношении интересов и устремлений коренного народа Крыма, отсюда и возникали все кризисы в таких ключевых сферах, как экономическая, социальная, политическая, идеологическая, межэтническая, духовная. Крымские татары со своей стороны испытывали неприятие навязываемого им того или иного пути общественного развития, борясь за самостоятельное государственное устройство.
Abstract
The article depicts the striving of the Crimean Tatars for self-determination during the first half of the 20th C. Various interpretations of the events are known in modern historiography, which have been affected by the political environment and propaganda. The facts discussed by the author disclose a conclusion that the national policy of both the Red and the White was, at its core, never correlated to the interests and wishes of the indigenous peoples of Crimea. This caused many crises: economic, social, political, ideological, interethnic and religious. The Crimean Tatars felt a deep rejection of the imposed ways of social development and continued striving for a self-dependent state system.
REFERENCES
1. Bikova T. Kampanіya «tatarizacії» v Krimu (1921–1928 rr.) [Campaign of «Tatarization» in the Crimea (1921–1928)] // Krim vіd antichnostі do s’ogodennya: Іstorichnі studії [Crimea from antiquity to the present: Historical studies]. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2014. S. 421–431.
2. Bikova T. Krims’kotatars’kij aspekt nacіonal’noї polіtiki Kremlya u Krims’kіj ASRR (1921–1928 rr.) [Crimean Tatar aspect of the Kremlin’s national policy in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1928)] // Ukraїns’kij іstorichnij zhurnal [Ukrainian Historical Journal]. 2018. № 1. S. 98–125.
3. Bikova T. Polіtika Kremlya shchodo іslamu u Krims’kіj ASRR (1921–1928 rr.) [Kremlin policy on Islam in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1928)] // Ukraїns’kij іstorichnij zhurnal [Ukrainian Historical Journal]. 2019. № 1. S. 94–120.
4. Bikova T. Stvorennya Krims’koї ASRR (1917–1921 rr.) [Creation of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1917–1921)]. Kiїv: Іnstitut іstorії Ukraїni NAN [Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences]. 2011. 247 s.
5. Bikova T. Yak zdіjsnyuvavsya teror proti krims’kotatars’koї іntelіgencії u 1928—1930 rr.? [How was the terror against the Crimean Tatar intelligentsia carried out in 1928–1930?] // Іstorіya Krimu u zapitannyah і vіdpovіdyah [History of Crimea in questions and answers]. Kiїv: Naukova dumka, 2015. S. 370–372.
6. Dufaud G. The Establishment of Bolshevik Power in the Crimea and the Construction of a Multinational Soviet state: Organisation, Justification, Uncertainty // Contemporary European History. 2012. № 2. Р. 257–272.
7. Dufaud G. L’invention d’une déviation nationaliste dans l’Union soviétique des années vingt: les Tatars de Crimée et la veli-ibraimochtchina [The invention of a nationalist deviation in the Soviet Union of the 1920s: the Crimean Tatars and the veli-ibraimochtchina] // Geneses. Sciences sociales et histoire. 2012. № 86. Р. 105–126.
8. Dufaud G. Les Tatars de Crimée et la politique soviétique des nationalités [The Crimean Tatars and Soviet Nationality Policy]. Paris: Non Lieu , 2011. 440 р.
9. Dьndar A.M. Japonya arşivlerrindeki İgiliz belgelerine gore Kırım milli mücadele tarihinden bir yaprak [A leaf from the history of the Crimean national struggle, according to the Igiliz documents in the Japanese archives] // Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2006. № 11. S. 39–56.
10. Efimov A. Sozdanie Evrejskoj Sovetskoj Socialisticheskoj Respubliki na Krymskom poluostrove v 20–30-e gody [Creation of the Jewish Soviet Socialist Republic on the Crimean Peninsula in the 20–30s] // Profi [Pro]. 1999. № 8–9. S. 24–30.
11. Gromenko S.V. Zabuta peremoga. Krims’ka operacіya Petra Bolbochana 1918 roku. Kiїv, K.І.S. [Forgotten victory. Crimean operation of Peter Bolbochan in 1918. Kyiv, K.I.S], 2018. 266 p.
12. Guseva Yu.N. Musul’mane Kryma i sovetskaya vlast’: vzglyad iz Moskvy 1920-h gg. [Muslims of Crimea and Soviet Power: A View from Moscow in the 1920s.] // Islam v sovremennom mire [Islam in the modern world]. 2016. Vol. 12. № 1. S. 137–144.
13. Hayali R. Ocherki istorii obshchestvenno-politicheskoj i kul’turnoj zhizni krymskih tatar v HKH veke [Essays on the history of the socio-political and cultural life of the Crimean Tatars in the XX century]. Simferopol’: Dolya, 2008. 510 s.
14. Hayali R. Repressivnaya politika sovetskogo gosudarstva v otnoshenii krymskih tatar (1921–1941 gg.) [The repressive policy of the Soviet state towards the Crimean Tatars (1921–1941)] // Z arhiviv VUCHK–GPU–NKVD–KGB. № 1 (32) 2009 r. Harkiv [From the archives of VUCHK–GPU–NKVD–KGB. № 1 (32). 2009. Kharkiv], 2009. P. 71–86.
15. Iskhakov S.M. Musul’manskaya politika P.N. Vrangelya [The Muslim politics of P.N. Wrangel] // Krym. Vrangel’. 1920 god [Crimea. Wrangel. 1920 year]. M.: Social’no-politicheskaya mysl’, 2006. S. 203–213.
16. Iskhakov S.M. Neizvestnye fotografii iz istorii sovetsko-osmanskih otnoshenij (1920 g.) [Unknown photographs from the history of Soviet-Ottoman relations (1920)] // Istoricheskij vestnik [Historical bulletin]. 2020. № 32. S. 306–315.
17. Istoriya Kryma s drevnejshih vremen do nashih dnej (v ocherkah) [History of Crimea from ancient times to the present day (in sketches)]. Simferopol’: Atlas-kompakt, 2007. 423 s.
18. Istoriya Kryma: v 2 t. [History of Crimea: in 2 volumes]. M.: Kuchkovo pole, 2017. Vol. 2. 792 s.
19. Istoriya nacional’no-gosudarstvennogo stroitel’stva v SSSR, 1917–1978. V 2-h t. T. I. 3-e izd., dop. i pererab [History of nation-building in the USSR, 1917–1978. In 2 volumes. T. I. 3rd ed., Add. and revised]. M.: Mysl’, 1979. 423 s.
20. Jobst K.S. «Dunkle» und «Goldene» Zeiten: Die krimtatarische Bevölkerung unter zarischer und sowjetischer Herrschaft bis 1941 [«Dark» and «Golden» times: The Crimean Tatar population under Tsar and Soviet rule until 1941] // Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften / Austrian Journal of Historical Studies. 2017. Vol. 28. Issue 1. S. 91–113.
21. Jobst K. Krym kak rossijskoe lieu de mémoire. Istoki v XIX v. [Crimea as Russian lieu de mémoire. Origins in the 19th century] // Istoricheskaya pamyat’ i obshchestvo v Rossijskoj imperii i Sovetskom Soyuze (konec XIX — nachalo HKH veka). Mezhdunarodnyj kollokvium. Nauchnye
doklady. Sankt-Peterburg, 25–28 iyunya 2007 g. [Historical memory and society in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union (late XIX — early XX century). International colloquium. Scientific reports. St. Petersburg, June 25–28, 2007]. SPb., 2007. S. 88–93.
22. Jobst K.S. Die Perle des Imperiums. Der russische Krim-Diskurs im Zarenreich [The pearl of the empire. The Russian Crimean Discourse in the Tsarist Empire]. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag, 2007. 485 s.
23. Kırımlı Y. W odpowiedzi ukraińskim imperjalistom [In response to the Ukrainian imperialists]. Wilno, 1938. 27 s.
24. Kondratyuk G.N. Uchenyj v kontekste epohi: deyatel’nost’ Osmana Akchokrakly v period korenizacii v Krymskoj ASSR (1921–1938 gg.) [Scientist in the context of the era: the activities of Osman Akchokrakly during the period of indigenousization in the Crimean ASSR (1921–1938)] // Akchokrakly Osman Nuri. Izbrannye sochineniya po istorii, arheologii, etnografii [Akchokrakly Osman Nuri. Selected works on history, archeology, ethnography]. Simferopol’: OOO Forma, 2016. S. 22–29.
25. Kondratyuk G.N. Veli Ibraimov (1888–1928 gg.): shtrihi k portretu [Veli Ibraimov (1888–1928): strokes for a portrait] // Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie [Crimean Historical Review]. 2019. № 2. S. 43–57.
26. Kuzeev R.G. Evraziya: al’ternativy teoreticheskih podhodov i perspektivy izucheniya // Evrazijstvo: istoriko-kul’turnoe nasledie i perspektivy razvitiya. Tezisy dokladov mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii (14–15 sentyabrya 2000 g.) [Eurasia: Alternatives to Theoretical Approaches and Prospects for Study // Eurasianism: Historical and Cultural Heritage and Development Prospects. Abstracts of the international scientific conference (September 14-15, 2000)]. Ufa, 2000. S. 20–21.
27. Libera P. Dżafer Sejdamet do Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego w sprawie objęcia mandat nad Krymem przez Polskę [Jafer Sejdamet to Marshal Józef Piłsudski on the assumption of the mandate over the Crimea by Poland] // Nowy Prometeusz. 2012. № 2. S. 317–322.
28. Omel’chuk D.V., Akulov M.R., Vakatova L.P., Shevcova N.N., Yurchenko S.V. Politicheskie repressii v Krymu (1920–1940 gody) [Political repressions in Crimea (1920–1940)]. Simferopol: Tavrida, 2003. 208 s.
29. Цzcan Ц. Bir vatandan bir vatana. Rusya Müslümanlarından Türk İlim, Fikir ve Siyaset Hayatına Katkıda Bulunanlar [From a motherland to a motherland. Russian Muslims Contributing to Turkish Science, Intellectual and Political Life]. İstanbunl: Dergân Yanınları, 2018. 680 s.
30. Pashchenya V.N. Razvitie stalinskoj sistemy gosudarstvennogo upravleniya v Rossii i Krymu v 1930-h godah. 2-e izd. [The development of the Stalinist system of government in Russia and Crimea in the 1930s. 2nd ed.]. Simferopol: IP Zueva, 2018. 542 s.
31. Piskun V. Institucional’noe stanovlenie diplomatii i vneshnepoliticheskie orientacii ukrainskih pravitel’stv (1917–1918 gg.) [Institutional formation of diplomacy and foreign policy orientations of Ukrainian governments (1917—1918)] // Rossiya i Pervaya mirovaya vojna: ekonomicheskie problemy, obshchestvennye nastroeniya, mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya: sbornik statej [Russia and the First World War: economic problems, public sentiment, international relations: collection of articles]. Moscow: Institute of Russian History RAS, 2014. S. 305–322.
32. Puchenkov A.S. Ukraina i Krym v 1918 — nachale 1919 goda. Ocherki politicheskoj istorii [Ukraine and Crimea in 1918 — early 1919. Essays on political history]. SPb.: Nestor-Istoriya, 2013. 351 s.
33. Ross N. Vrangel’ v Krymu [Wrangel in the Crimea]. Frankfurt/Main: Possev-Verlag, 1982. 376 s.
34. Sejdametov E.H. Krymskotatarskaya diaspora v mire: osnovnye voprosy izucheniya problemy [The Crimean Tatar Diaspora in the World: The Main Issues of Studying the Problem] // Trudy NIC krymskotatarskogo yazyka i literatury. KIPU. Sbornik. T. I [Proceedings of the Research Center of the Crimean Tatar Language and Literature. KIPU. Collection. Vol. I]. Simferopol’, 2011. S. 412–418.
35. Smith J. Was There a Soviet Nationality Policy? // Europe–Asia Studies. 2019. Vol. 71. N. 6. 972–993.
36. Ursu D.P. Ocherki istorii kul’tury krymskotatarskogo naroda (1921–1941 gg.) [Essays on the history of the culture of the Crimean Tatar people (1921–1941)]. Simferopol: Krymuchpedgiz, 1999. 143 s.
37. Vozgrin V.E. Imperiya i Krym — dolgij put’ k genocidu. Bahchisaraj: B.i. [Empire and Crimea — a long road to genocide. Bakhchisarai: B.i.], 1994. 44 s.
38. Vozgrin V.E. Istoricheskie sud’by krymskih tatar. M.: Mysl’ [Historical destinies of the Crimean Tatars. M.: Mysl’], 1992. 446 s.
39. Vozgrin V.E. Istoriya krymskih tatar: ocherki etnicheskoj istorii korennogo naroda Kryma v chetyrekh tomah. 4-e izd. Simferopol’: Kara deniz prodakshn [History of the Crimean Tatars: essays on the ethnic history of the indigenous people of Crimea in four volumes. 4th ed. Simferopol: Kara Deniz production], 2015. Т. III. 879 s.
40. Yamauchi M. The green crescent under the red star. Enver Pasha in Soviet Russia 1919–1922. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1991. 395 р.
41. Zarubin A.G., Zarubin V.G. Bez pobeditelej. Iz istorii Grazhdanskoj vojny v Krymu [No winners. From the history of the Civil War in Crimea]. Simferopol: Tavriya, 1997. 351 s.
42. Zarubin A.G., Zarubin V.G. Bez pobeditelej. Iz istorii Grazhdanskoj vojny v Krymu [No winners. From the history of the Civil War in Crimea]. 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. [2nd ed., rev. and add]. Simferopol: Antiqua, 2008. 728 s.
43. Zarubin V.G. Mezhnacional’nye otnosheniya, nacional’nye partii i organizacii v Krymu (nachalo XX v. — 1921 g.) [Interethnic relations, national parties and organizations in Crimea (early 20th century — 1921)] // Istoricheskoe nasledie Kryma [Historical heritage of Crimea]. 2003. № 1. 1. S. 53–83.
44. Zarubin V.G., Zarubin A.G. Krymskotatarskoe nacional’noe dvizhenie (iyun’ 1918 — noyabr’ 1920) [Crimean Tatar National Movement (June 1918 — November 1920)] // Problemy politicheskoj istorii Kryma [Problems of the political history of Crimea]. Vyp. 1 [Issue 1]. Simferopol: KGIPI, 1996. S. 20–22.
Исхаков Салават Мидхатович – доктор исторических наук, заместитель председателя Секции «История социальных реформ, движений и революций» Научного совета РАН по фундаментальным вопросам российской и зарубежной истории.
Salavat M. Iskhakov – D. Sc. (History), Vice-Chairman of the Section «History of Social Reforms, Movements and Revolutions» of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy Sciences on the Fundamental Issues of Russian and Foreign History.