Горский А.А. Сказание о Мамаевом побоище», «Повесть о разорении Рязани Батыем», Никоновская летопись: о начале русской исторической беллетристики

Горский А.А. Сказание о Мамаевом побоище», «Повесть о разорении Рязани Батыем», Никоновская летопись: о начале русской исторической беллетристики // Исторический вестник. 2023. Т. XLV. С. 156.

Аннотация

В статье изучается вопрос о времени появления прямого художественного вымысла в древнерусских произведениях на историческую тему. Рассмотрены три памятника, созданные в один исторический период — в начале XVI в.: «Сказание о Мамаевом побоище» — наиболее пространное произведение из повествующих о Куликовской битве 1380 г., «Повесть о разорении Рязани Батыем», описывающая монгольское нашествие на Рязанскую землю в 1237 г., и Никоновская летопись — летописный свод. Делается вывод, что все они содержат полностью вымышленные эпизоды и сюжеты, из чего следует, что художественный вымысел в историческом повествовании распространяется именно в XVI столетии. Воспринимать «Повесть о разорении Рязани Батыем» и «Сказание о Мамаевом побоище» как источники для изучения нашествия монголов и битвы на Куликовом поле неправомерно. Эти произведения ценны именно как памятники художественной литературы, а не как фиксация реальных событий. Никоновская летопись внесла вымысел и в жанр летописания. Прослеженные явления вполне типичны для литературы начала европейского Нового времени.

Ключевые слова: Русь, Средневековье, историческая литература, художественный вымысел.

Горский Антон Анатольевич – доктор исторических наук, профессор, заместитель директора Института российской истории РАН.

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Gorsky A.A. The Tale of Mamai’s Battle, The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu Khan, and the Nikon Chronicle: the Beginning of the Russian Historical Fiction // Historical Reporter. 2023. Vol. 45. P. 156.

Abstract

The article highlights the moments when a fiction takes place in Old Russian sources on History. Examined are three monuments created at the same historical period — at the beginning of the 16th century: the Tale of Mamai’s Battle — one of the most vague narratives on the 1380 Battle of Kulikovo, the Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu Khan, which talks about the Mongolian Invasion of the Ryazan lands of 1237, and the Nikon Chronicle. A conclusion has been made that all the texts include purely fictitious episodes, which show that artistic fiction in historic narratives is spread in the 16th century. Taking the Tale of Mamai’s Battle and the Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu Khan as sources for research on the Mongol Invasion and the Battle of Kulikovo is inappropriate. Those works are voluble monuments of fiction literature, but do not depict real historical events. The Nikon Chronicle brought fiction into the chronicle genre. Traced events are typical for literature of the beginning of the modern European history.

Key words: Rus, Middle Ages, Historiography, Work of Fiction.

Anton A. Gorksiy — D. Sc. (History), Professor, Deputy Director of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Russian History.

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