Головлев А.И. Государство и театр: к вопросу о законодательном регулировании театральной индустрии в постсоветской России, 1991–1999 // Исторический вестник. 2022. Т. XLII. С. 84–101. Golovlev A.I. State and Theatre: on the Issue of Legislative Regulation

Головлев А.И. Государство и театр: к вопросу о законодательном регулировании театральной индустрии в постсоветской России, 1991–1999 // Исторический вестник. 2022. Т. XLII. С. 84–101.

Аннотация
В статье рассматривается вопрос регулирования театра в ранней постсоветской России при президенте Борисе Ельцине. Анализируется ряд декретов, подписанных президентом и правительством, о российском театре как значительной, экономически наиболее тяжеловесной части культурной индустрии страны, важной составляющей ее имиджа и культурного капитала. Первый президентский указ мая 1991 г. ввел эру посткоммунистического законодательства, зафиксировав все основные черты ельцинской театральной политики, такие как художественный либерализм, управленческая автономия и приверженность к государственной поддержке. Несколько театров, обладающих значительным символическим капиталом (например, Большой театр) впоследствии получили значительное личное внимание Бориса Ельцина, который предотвратил приватизацию театров, обещал взять на государство обязательства по финансовой поддержке, а также лично назначал театральное руководство. Устойчивое и «просвещенное» внимание исполнительной власти осталось ограниченным нормативной сферой, постепенно преобразуясь в менее затратную политику после кризиса 2008 г. Законодательство 1990-х бесспорно означало демократическую революцию в театре и период беспрецедентного либерального интервенционизма. Однако необходимая экономическая поддержка отсутствовала, демонстрируя разрыв между намерениями и реальностью.

Ключевые слова: театральное законодательство, театральная либерализация, театральная экономика, управление театром, посткоммунистическая Россия, Борис Ельцин, Большой театр.

Головлев Александр Игоревич – кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник Института советской и постсоветской истории, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики».

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Golovlev A.I. State and Theatre: on the Issue of Legislative Regulation of the Theatre Industry in the Post-Soviet Russia, 1991–1999 // Historical Reporter. 2022. Vol. 42. P. 84–101.

Abstract

This paper deals with the issue of theatre regulation in early post-Soviet Russia under President Boris Yeltsin. It examines a number of decrees signed by the President and the Government that addressed Russian theatre as a significant and economically significant part of the country’s cultural industry, an important component of its image and cultural capital. The first one, dated May 1991 Presidential Decree ushered in the era of post-communist legislation, establishing all key features of Yeltsin-era theatre policies such as artistic liberalism, managerial autonomy, and a commitment to state patronage. A few houses with a large symbolic capital (such as the Bolshoi) later received much more personalized attention from Boris Yeltsin, who precluded theaters’ privatization, promised financial commitment and made personal appointments in theatre management. Thus, continuous and «enlightened» attention of executive power remained in the normative perspective, being gradually reshaped toward more cost-saving policies after the 2008 shock. The 1990s legislation clearly was a democratic revolution in theatre and a period of unprecedented liberal interventionism. Yet the necessary economic upholstering failed to materialize, showing the discrepancy between the intentional and the real.

Key words: theatre legislation, theatre liberalization, theater economy, theater governance, post-communist Russia, Boris Yeltsin, Bolshoi Theater.

Golovlev Alexander I. – Ph.D. in History, Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, HSE (Moscow).

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