Бондаренко А.А. Тверские бояре Зюзины на службе в Литве и в Москве

Бондаренко А.А.Тверские бояре Зюзины на службе в Литве и в Москве// Исторический вестник.2024.Т. XLIX.С. 14–43.

Аннотация

В результате событий осени 1485 г. Тверь была присоединена к Московскому государству, а последний великий князь тверской Михаил Борисович бежал в Литву в сопровождении небольшого числа верных ему людей. Среди них было несколько бояр Зюзиных, о чем свидетельствуют материалы местнического суда 1576 г. между Василием Зюзиным и Федором Нагим. В статье реконструируется состав «литовской» ветви рода Зюзиных (Зузиных), представители которой предсказуемо не фигурируют в русских родословных росписях XVI–XVII вв.

Источники не содержат указаний на службу эмигрантов Зузиных тверскому князю, отмечая, что уже после его смерти они служили великим князьям литовским и успешно ассимилировались в шляхетской среде. Ксередине XVI в. Зузины утратили родовое имение Бучемль в Каменецком повете и не сумели добиться высокого статуса, обладая служилым титулом господарских «дворян». Вероятно, именно такое положение вещей побудило Василия Григорьевича Зюзина отъехать из Великого княжества Литовского в Москву, где он сделал более чем успешную карьеру в составе Опричного и Особого дворов и являлся приближенным к царю ИвануIV лицом. Его родной брат Богдан остался в Литве и дал начало польскому шляхетскому роду Сузиных, проживавших в окрестностях Бучемля еще в начале ХХ в.

Анализ устных показаний и письменных «памятей», представленных В.Г. Зюзиным на местническом суде 1576 г., позволяет прийти к выводу о том, что он сильно преувеличил служебные достижения представителей своего рода в Литве, хотя и упоминал реальных исторических деятелей, хорошо известных в Москве. Попытка возвысить «место» Зузиных при литовском дворе была призвана компенсировать полувековой разрыв между боярством их родича Афанасия Шетнева и включением Василия Зюзина и его двоюродных дядьев в состав Государева двора.

Ключевые слова:присоединение Твери к Московскому государству, род Зюзиных (Сузиных), Великое княжество Литовское, служилые люди-эмигранты, местничество.

Бондаренко Андрей Андреевич— кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник Института российской истории РАН.

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Bondarenko A.A.Tver Boyars Zyuzins On Service In Lithuania And Moscow // Historical Reporter.2024.Vol. 49P. 14–43.

Abstract

As a result of the events of the autumn of 1485, Tver was annexed to the Moscow State and the last Grand Prince of Tver Mikhail Borisovich fled to Lithuania accompanied by a small number of loyal people. Among them were several boyars of the Zyuzins as evidenced by the materials of the mestnichestvo court case of 1576 between Vasiliy Zyuzin and Fyodor Nagoy. The article reconstructs the composition of the “Lithuanian” branch of the Zyuzin (Zuzin) family whose representatives predictably do not appear in the Russian genealogical records of the XVI–XVII centuries.

The sources do not contain any indications of the Zuzin emigrants’ service to the Prince of Tver noting that after his death they served the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and successfully assimilated into the Lithuanian nobility. By the middle of the XVI century the Zuzins lost the family estate of Bucheml in the Kamenetsky povet (district) and failed to achieve a high status possessing the service title of hospodar’s (lord’s) “noblemen”. It was probably this state of affairs that prompted Vasiliy Grigoryevich Zyuzin to leave the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for Moscow where he made a successful career in the Oprichnina and Special Courts and was a person close to Tsar Ivan IV. His blood brother Bogdan stayed in Lithuania and gave rise to the Polish szlachta (noble) family of Suzins who lived in the vicinity of Bucheml as far back as the beginning of the XX century.

The analysis of the oral testimony and written “memories” presented by V.G. Zyuzin in the 1576 mestnichestvo court case allows us to conclude that he greatly exaggerated the service achievements of the representatives of his clan in Lithuania, although he mentioned the real historical figures well known in Moscow. The attempt to exalt the Zuzins’ “place” in the Lithuanian court was designed to compensate for the half-century gap between the rank of a boyar of their relative Afanasiy Shetnev and the incorporation of Vasiliy Zyuzin and his father’s cousins into the Tsar's court.

Keywords:Annexation of Tver to the Moscow State, the Zyuzin (Suzin) family, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Service Class Emigrants, Mestnichestvo.

Andrey A. Bondarenko— C.Sc. (History), Researcher, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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