Астайкин А.А. Повесть о битве на Калке в русских летописных источниках

Астайкин А.А. Повесть о битве на Калке в русских летописных источниках // Исторический вестник. 2023. Т. XLV. С. 28.

Аннотация

В статье произведен текстологический разбор и хронологически систематизированы сообщения русских летописей о битве на реке Калке 1223 г. (сохранившиеся в форме полной или фрагментарной особой Повести и кратких сообщений).

В комплексе летописных известий внимательно рассматриваются все фактические данные (имена, количество войск и потерь, детали хронологии и географии, последовательность и участники событий) и на этой основе фиксируются позднейшие текстуальные наслоения или утраты.

В результате проделанного анализа выделяются как наиболее достоверные варианты Повести три ранние летописи – Новгородская I (особенно), Ипатьевская (с оговорками) и Лаврентьевская.

За ними следует группа погодных хроник, несущих сокращенный вариант Повести новгородского происхождения (Новгородская IV и V, Новгородская Карамзинская летописи, Новгородская летопись по списку П.П. Дубровского).

На третьем месте по надежности сведений поставлена группа общерусских летописей XV–XVII вв. (Софийская I, Московско-Академическая, Вологодско-Пермская, Воскресенская летописи, Тверской сборник как Пространная редакция Повести и др.), представляющих интерес исключительно с точки зрения литературной истории текста. Недостоверные краткие сообщения (кроме текста «Никифора патриарха Царяграда летописца вскоре») и требующие всесторонней проверки известия русских летописей XVII и XVIII в. оговорены особо.

Ключевые слова: Повесть о битве на реке Калке, «Калки», общерусские летописи, «Откровение псевдо-Мефодия Патарского», монголы («татары»), половцы, русские князья, Александр Попович.

Астайкин Андрей Анатольевич — независимый исследователь.

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Astaykin A.A. The Tale of the Battle of Kalka in Russian Chronicles of the 13th–18th Centuries // Historical Reporter. 2023. Vol. 45. P. 28.

Abstract

The article presents a textual analysis and chronicle categorization of paragraphs from different Russian Chronicles depicting the Tales of the 1223 Battle of Kalka. The factual data has been thoroughly examined (including names, number of troops and losses, chronicle and geographical details, sequence, and participants of the historical events) These create a basis for further investigation of textual overlap or possible losses. As a result, three chronicles have been derivated as the most authentic — the First Novgorod Chronicle, the Laurentian Codex, and the Hypatia Codex. They are followed by a group of annual chronicles consisting of a shortened variations of the Novgorodian Chronicle (the Fourth and the Fifth Novgorodian Chronicles, Novgorodian Karamzin Codex, Novgorodian chronicle according to P.P. Dubrovsky’s list). The third level for reliability of the data is a set of the all-Russian chronicles of 15th—17th centuries (the First Sofia’s Codex, Moscow Academic, Vologda-Perm, Voskresenskaya chronicles, Tver collection as a Vast edition of the Tale, etc.). These are of an interest exclusively in relation to the literary history of the text. The unreliable short chronicle records (except the text of Patriarch Nicephorus the annalist of Tsarigrad) that require comprehensive examination for the news of the Russian chronicles of 17th and 18th centuries are otherwise noted.

Key words: the Tales of the Battle of Kalka, «Kalki», All-Russian Chronicles, «Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius», Mongol (Tartar), Kuman, Princes of Rus’, Alexandr Popovich.

Andrey A. Astaykin— Independent Researcher.

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